Mapping migrants’ inclusion in cities
How to use the map
Click on a municipality to find out more about the overall population size, the migrant population size, the origins of the biggest migrant groups and the languages spoken by the majority of migrants.
Soon, you will see this map grow as we add further elements, such as timelines of migrant inclusion in decision-making, to each city’s story.
You will see connections and differences between the cities. You will learn about the events that have shaped the inclusion and participation policies in each city and discover some of the solutions the cities have found to overcome participation and inclusion barriers.
MILE is co-creating this map with the help and insights of municipalities, migrant groups, local research teams and web developers. If you want to read more about MILE’s approach and tools, click here.
Municipality | Ripollet |
Municipality population size (number) | 39,314 (2022) (Source: idescat.cat) |
Migrant population size (number and percentage of overall municipality population) | 17,737 migrants (45.11% of the total population) (2022) (source: Ajuntament de Ripollet, Citizen service office) 6,307 (16%) were foreign-born 4,835 (12%) with foreign citizenship (2021) (source: Statistical Institute of Catalonia) |
Most frequent migrants’ nationalities | Moroccan (2,898), Pakistani (1,483) and Romanian (1,431). |
Most frequent migrants’ languages other than the local language(s) | Arabic and Urdu |
When | Global event | National event | Local event | Impact |
1960’s |
| Internal migration flows in Spain. In 1960, a significant movement of migrants from the South to the North of Spain takes place, many in search of better jobs. | Arrival of internal migrants to Ripollet. Throughout the 1960’s, a significant a number of people from Andalusia move to Ripollet. | Internal migration impact in Ripollet. Ripollet experiences the first wave of migrants reaching the municipality. First acts of xenophobia are experienced by the migrant population. |
2002 | Aftermath of Western Sahara War. Following the war period, (1975–1991), Spain which colonized the Western Sahara region until 1975 began several assistance programmes, involving groups of citizens organised to support the Sahrawi population. | Establishing Sahrawi Host Families Collective. The Sahrawi Host Families Collective of Ripollet hosted several young people from 6 to 12 years old in their homes during July and August of 2002. The children mostly come from refugee camps from Sahrawi region. | Welcoming Sahrawi refugees in Ripollet. Families in Ripollet organized themselves to offer support to Sahrawi families. | |
2015 | The Syrian refugee crisis. The Syrian refugee crisis is the largest refugee crisis in history. More than 6.8 million Syrians have been forced to flee Syria between 2011-2022. |
| Supporting refugee welcome campaign. In 2015, the Ripollet Municipality organises two meetings with entities, political parties and neighbours to collaborate with the Syrian population. The assembly at the Cultural Centre decides on the final destination of the money collected during the Refugees Welcome campaign. | Supporting Syrian refugees. The result of these meetings organised by Ripollet Municipality is the organization of a space in the municipality for clothing collection for refugees to be sent to Syria and for the Syrian population reaching Spain. |
2017 |
| National campaign to welcome migrants and refugees. During 2017, a national campaign ‘Casa nostra, casa vostra’ (Our home, your home) is launched around Spain by the organization of the same name to ask municipalities to promote refugee inclusion around the country. | Organising a demonstration in support of welcoming migrants. In Ripollet, citizens organise a demonstration titled ‘We want to welcome’ to encourage municipalities to prioritize the reception of refugees and migrants in their political agendas. | Welcoming migrants in Ripollet. Ripollet residents join the national call for proper reception of migrants in Spanish cities. |
2017 |
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| Reflecting on the migration past. On 28 August 2017, the ‘Mai Més’ (Never Again Collective) organise a walking route through Ripollet to discover the most important places in the municipality where refugees arrived during the Civil War and fascism.
| Reviving the memory of historical migration. Ripollet has always encouraged historical memory and moments of reflection on the difficulties endured during Francisco Franco’s dictatorship. Intense work has been done in the municipality to draw connections between historical and present migration. |
2018 |
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| Calling for newcomer registration. In 2018, ‘Acollim Cerdanyola-Ripollet’ (We welcome Cerdanyola Ripollet), an NGO that supports migrants in Ripollet, and other organizations in the area, present a motion to the council to facilitate the registration of newcomers and improve their access to basic rights and services. | Improving the registration of newcomers. The municipal government listens to the calls from NGOs to make the registration process in the municipality easier and more accessible for all types of citizens. |
2020 |
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| Criticising refugee camp conditions. On 19 October 2020, several NGOs, including ‘Acollim Cerdanyola-Ripollet’ (We welcome Cerdanyola Ripollet) and ‘Acció Solidaria i Logística’ (Solidarity Action and Logistics) denounce the situation in the new refugee camp on the Greek island of Lesbos where thousands of refugees were left without basic supplies, such as water.
| Crowdfunding for Lesbos refugee camp. ‘Acció Solidaria i Logística’ (Solidarity Action and Logistics) launches a crowdfunding campaign to raise money to be sent to Lesbos in Greece. |
2021 | Introducing civic participation regulation. The ‘Reglament de Participació’ is a document, introduced by Ripollet Council in 2021, that defines different channels for citizen participation as well as Ripollet’s commitment to promote diversity and inclusion. The regulation is inspired by the ‘Reglament de Participacio’ published in 2017 by Barcelona municipality. | Formalising civic participation structures. Citizen participation in the city council becomes more formally organised. There were several spaces for participation prior to this new regulation, but they were mostly informal and unstructured. The new regulation promotes participation of citizens from diverse cultural and gender backgrounds, though without explicit mention of migrants. | ||
2022 | The war in Ukraine. In February 2022, Russia invades Ukraine. Nearly a third of Ukrainian population were forced to flee their homes. | Catalonia’s support for Ukrainian refugees. The Catalonia government website launches a page in support of Ukrainian refugees. The webpage provides information on how to host families and promote language support. | Communicating support for refugees. In March 2022, the Ripollet Council creates an infographic to support Ukrainian refugees to ‘navigate’ bureaucracy in neighbouring areas. Ripollet did not implement hosting policies; it mainly focused on communication and dissemination of information. | Facilitating refugee integration. In response to the Ukraine refugee crisis, the Ripollet Council decides to facilitate refugees’ integration and understanding of the municipality’s and neighbouring municipalities’ policies. |
2022 | Introducing new civic participation plans. Six new plans or projects are introduced in Ripollet as a result of implementing the local participation regulation. | Co-creating civic participation projects. Participatory processes introduced through the new civic participation regulation have resulted in six co-created projects in Ripollet: (1) The Local Housing Plan; (2) The feminist policies plan; (3) The Plan of assistance for the elderly in Ripollet; (4) Ripollet’s new municipal management model for drinking water service; (5) A new Casal d’Avis model (House For grandfathers); and (6) A new model for establishing Municipal Culture and Sports Councils. | ||
2022 |
| Confrontation on the Spanish border. On 24 June 2022, 23 migrants are killed during a confrontation with Moroccan and Spanish security forces at the Melilla border fence. The conflict escalated as around 2,000 migrants gathered to cross the border into Spain. Amnesty International has requested an investigation into migration policies between Morocco and Spain, citing human rights violations, abuse of power, and violence at the border. | Criticising violence against migrants. On 4 July 2022, the NGOs ‘Acollim Cerdanyola-Ripollet’ and ‘Unitat Contra el Feixisme i el Racisme’ (UCFR Cerdanyola i Ripollet) organise a protest to denounce the violence against migrants and refugees trying to enter Spain through the borders of Morocco.
| Standing in solidarity with migrants. Citizens of Ripollet organise an event in the municipality to show their solidarity with the migrants affected by the confrontation on the Spanish border. |
2022 |
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| Promoting migrants’ civic participation. On 15 September 2022, the municipality of Ripollet together with Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and Kudwa organization host the first participatory event on Participatory Inclusive Democracy aiming to create a space of discussion between migrants living in Ripollet and researchers, activists, policymakers and NGOs working in the field of advocacy and policymaking.
| Discussing migrant inclusion in decision-making. Several stakeholders, including migrants, NGOs and policymakers meet for the first time in the Ripollet municipality to discuss migrant inclusion in local policymaking. |
Municipality | Ioannina |
Municipality population size: | 113,094 (2021) |
Migrant population size: | 6,497 (5.8% of the total population) (2011) (Source: 2011 census) |
Most frequent nationalities | Albanian, Pakistani and Bulgarian (Source: 2011 census) Moreover, according to IOM data from March 2022, there are 672 beneficiaries living in the Katsikas long-term accommodation centre in the boundaries of the Municipality, most of them coming from Afghanistan (60% of the centre’s population), the Democratic Republic of Congo (11%) and Iraq (10%). |
Most frequent migrants’ languages other than the local language(s) | Albanian, Urdu and Bulgarian (Source: 2011 census) |
All data come from the 2011 census (https://panorama.statistics.gr)
Moreover, according to IOM data (March 2022), there are 672 benficiaries living in the Katsikas long-term accommodation centre (also in the boundaries of the Municipality), most of them coming from Afghanistan (60% of the centre’s population), the Democratic Republic of Congo (11%) and Iraq (10%).
When | Global event | National event | Local event | Impact |
2010 | Kalikratis Administrative Reform in Greece. In 2010, an administrative reform (‘Kalikratis’) reduced the number of municipalities in Greece in order to achieve economies of scale and to increase the competencies of municipalities, especially in the field of social policy. | Increasing local responsibilities for social policy. Following the Kalikratis reforms, the Municipalities of Greece undertake more responsibilities for social policy. This covers responsibility for groups considered vulnerable, including migrants and refugees. The same reform introduces the idea of a Migrant Integration Council (MIC), a local consultative body that seeks to promote integration and participation of migrants at the municipal level. The Ioannina Migrant Integration Council is created in 2021. | ||
2010 | Creating Migrant Integration Councils. The aim of Migrant Integration Councils (MICs) is to operate as local consultative bodies to raise awareness of integration, to assist migrants in getting access to local services, to suggest relevant policy measures and to support collaboration between the authorities and migrants’ associations. Each municipality can establish a MIC on a voluntary basis. | Steps towards migrants’ political participation. In 2022, there are 18 MICs in the 332 Municipalities of Greece. Each MIC is composed by 11 members, including council representatives, civil society organisations active on integration and representatives of migrants who are permanent residents. MICs are a step towards migrants’ political representation, as they institutionalized the civic, cultural and political participation of TCNs and their associations. But the impact of MICs has been rather low due to the lack of adequate resources and powers, and the limited interest and / or lack of migrant associations. | ||
2013 | Introducing strategy on migrant integration. The National Strategy on Integration of Third Country Nationals (TCNs) was adopted in 2013. The strategy focuses especially on integration measures for long-term legal migrants, having in mind an approach of ‘selective quality immigration’. | Integration or assimilation? This strategy document is characterised by a general fear of diversity and its main concern is to describe ways towards migrant assimilation in Greek culture rather than diverse participation and integration. | ||
2015 | The ‘refugee crisis’ in Europe. A significantly increased movement of refugees and asylum seekers, arriving at the European borders in 2015 was generally understood and managed as a crisis. | Responding to ‘refugee crisis’. The refugee crisis led to a significant increase in the arrival of refugees and asylum seekers to Greece, resulting in a crisis of the reception system. A new accommodation system, including emergency shelters and subsidised rentals in urban apartments, is created in Athens and other parts of the country. Municipalities like Ioannina work with civil society and international NGOs to accommodate and integrate newcomers. | ||
2016 | Border closures prevent refugee movement. In 2016, the journeys of refugees and asylum seekers to other destinations in northern Europe are violently interrupted and thousands of people are ‘trapped’ in Greece as Balkan countries close their borders. | Refugees stranded in Greece. The accommodation system for refugees and asylum seekers expands and gets dispersed across the country. ‘Hotspot’ facilities are used to deter migration to central and northern European countries. | ||
2016 | Establishing a new accommodation system. A new Open Accommodation Facility close to the city of Ioannina is established in 2016 and another one in 2017. The ESTIA programme (Emergency Support to Integration & Accommodation) is designed to accommodate vulnerable asylum seekers in the private rented sector and to ensure economic support through a pre-paid card system, during the period 2015-2021. | Accommodating asylum seekers in Ioannina. More than 1,000 asylum seekers mainly of Syrian and Afghan origin settle in Katsikas. The facility consists of containers and is located 8km from the city centre of Ioannina. Another smaller facility consisting of regular buildings is established soon after in the Agia Eleni old boarding school, belonging to the nearby Municipality of Zitsa. It accommodated about 260 people mainly from Afghanistan and Iraq. The population of both facilities decreased in later years. | ||
2017 | Launching the Urban Working Group. The Urban Working Group is an initiative of the Municipality of Ioannina, in collaboration with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The group provides an ad hoc discussion forum to bring together all services and bodies that deal with refugee issues at the local level. | Coordinating migrant integration activities. The Urban Working Group acts as a forum of knowledge exchange and coordination of activities among active practitioners from the municipality of Ioannina, international organisations and NGOs. The group has been effective in ensuring exchange and common understanding on migrant integration among its participants. | ||
2018 | Migrant Integration Councils include refugees. In 2018, the Migrant Integration Councils (MICs) are renamed to Migrant and Refugee Integration Councils to include both migrants and refugees. | Improving refugee representation and participation. The inclusion of refugees in Migrant Integration Councils (MICs) reflects the recognition of their increased numbers among migrant population in Greece. In practice, several refugee representatives participate in existing MICs, including that of Ioannina. Due to their recent arrival, refugees are prone to collective representation but several challenges remain, including their intense spatial mobility and difficulties in attracting representatives among specific groups, such as women and those with low education qualifications. | ||
2019 | A new strategy on migrant integration. A new National Strategy on Integration is adopted in 2019 following a significant increase of refugee arrivals in 2015-2016. | Increasing integration role of local governments. This new National Strategy defines three target groups, namely asylum seekers, beneficiaries of international protection and resident migrants. It distinguishes between two levels of intervention, one concerning ‘reception’ and one concerning ‘integration’. In comparison with the previous 2013 strategy, this 2019 strategy puts greater emphasis on interculturalism while recognising the integration role of local governments and the importance of raising awareness and participation in the local communities. | ||
2020 | Participating in integration projects and networks. Since 2020, the Municipality of Ioannina participates in various integration projects including the ‘European Platform of Integrating Cities’ (EPIC), the ‘Raising Capacity for Inclusive People engaged in private sponsorship’ (RaCIP), and the ‘Cities Network for Integration’ (CNI). | Strengthening integration expertise, consultation and capacity. The impact of these integration projects can be measured mainly in terms of promoting local expertise among the administration staff, creating positive narratives about migration, implementing innovative tools for consultation, building the capacity of organisations that support integration, and funding certain integration initiatives, such as enhancing access of third-country nationals in the labour market through training. However, the project-based character of these initiatives raises questions about the sustainability of their impact. | ||
2021 | Introducing social integration strategy. A new Strategy on Social Integration of Asylum Seekers and Beneficiaries of International Protection is introduced in 2021. | Shrinking of the integration focus. This new strategy on social integration almost leaves out resident migrants and focuses primarily on asylum seekers, outlining various suggested activities, however, it mainly focuses on filtering out those who do not ‘deserve’ protection. | ||
2021 | Establishing Ioannina Migrant Integration Council. The Ioannina Migrant Integration Council (MIC) is established in 2021. | Involving migrant representatives in Ioannina politics. The establishment of the Migrant Integration Council in Ioannina led to a partial involvement of migrant representatives in local politics. | ||
2021 | Launching Akadimia intercultural centre. In 2021, a new Intercultural Centre for Social Integration (Akadimia), is launched in Ioannina to provide various integration related services, including organising of cultural events. Akadimia is funded by the Open Society Foundation and supervised by the Cultural Centre, an autonomous legal entity of the Ioannina Municipality. | Strengthening support for migrant integration. Akadimia provides assistance in accessing social protection programmes, interpretation services and cultural mediation for all municipal services and their corporate bodies. It also organises social and cultural events and other intercultural activities. Promotional leaflets are translated into seven languages. | ||
2022 | Empowering migrants through community engagement. Since January 2022, the Municipality of Ioannina has been implementing the ‘Empowering Migrants to Be Representative Actors in Community Engagement’ project (EMBRACE), funded by the EU’s AMIF. | Strengthening migrants’ participation in decision-making. The EMBRACE project aims at strengthening the participation of migrants in decision-making and policy implementation in host societies. The project activities include developing collaborations between newcomers and policy-makers, training for newcomers and policy-makers, and establishing local groups of newcomers undertaking public leadership internships. |
Municipality | Birmingham |
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Municipality population size: | 1,144,900 (2021) (Source: Office for National Statistics) |
Migrant population size: | 305,688 (26.7% of the total population) (2021) (Source: Office for National Statistics) |
Most frequent migrants’ nationalities | Nationality: Indian, Pakistani, Romanian Ethnicity: Asian Pakistani, Asian Indian, Black Caribbean (Source: Birmingham City Council) |
Most frequent migrants’ languages other than the local language(s) | Urdu, Punjabi and Bengali (Source: Birmingham City Council) |
Note that this data is drawn from Census 2011 but is still the main source used for population reporting by the council. The Census 2021 data should be released early in the summer, and so we can hopefully update this information soon.
When | Global event | National event | Local event | Impact |
1999 | Introducing the Immigration and Asylum Act. The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 sets out a dispersal policy to redistribute asylum seekers in receipt of state support around the UK. The objective is to prevent concentration in one area, the south-east of England, and to encourage local authorities across the country to house asylum seekers in their area. | Establishing a strategic migration partnership. The West Midlands Strategic Migration Partnership is one of twelve such partnerships across the UK, established following the introduction of the regional dispersal policy in 1999 for people seeking asylum. These local authority-led partnerships provide forums of engagement for local and national government representatives, private and third sector organisations to effectively deal with migration locally and at the regional and national level. | Understanding migrants’ needs and rights. Since 2007, the activities of strategic migration partnerships cover the wider impact of migration on local areas. Partnerships with third sector organisations supporting migrants enable a more direct understanding of migrants’ needs. The West Midlands partnership, for example, initiated a training course for health and social care staff to understand migrants’ rights and entitlements and thus improve migrants’ access to services. | |
2008 | The onset of the global financial crisis. Following the global financial crisis in 2008, the UK economy plunged into the deepest recession since WW2, with record high levels of government deficit and public debt. The economic growth has been persistently slow in the years after, compared with the pre-crisis levels. | Austerity and public funding cuts. After the general election in 2010, the consecutive Coalition and Conservative UK governments introduce extensive austerity measures during the period of 2010-2019, including cuts to local authority funding, with an aim to reduce public debt. | Reducing the capacity to support migrants. Spending on services by local authorities across England fell by 13 per cent between 2009/10 and 2018/19. Birmingham City Council made cuts totalling £730 million to many vital services, including those supporting most vulnerable groups. These funding cuts have had direct impact on the Council’s capacity to successfully welcome, resettle and integrate migrants. | |
2010 | Introducing the Equality Act. The Equality Act 2010 replaces previous anti-discrimination laws and introduces more accountability of public organisations, including local authorities, under the public sector Equality Duty. | Devising equality objectives. Public sector bodies like Birmingham City Council are required to devise equality objectives every four years and to publish information every year to show how they eliminate unlawful discrimination, advance equality of opportunity, and foster good relations between people with protected characteristics and others. The Council first published its equality objectives in 2012. | ||
2011 | The onset of the Syrian civil war. The civil war in Syria is an ongoing conflict, started in 2011 as an uprising against President Bashar al-Assad, with large numbers of casualties and refugees fleeing the country. | Responding to the refugee crisis. The Syrian Refugee Crisis is the largest refugee crisis in history. More than 6.8 million Syrians have been forced to flee Syria between 2011-2022. The UK Government’s initial response was to provide humanitarian aid rather than accepting Syrians fleeing war. In 2014, the Government establishes the Syrian Vulnerable Person Resettlement Programme facilitating the arrival of some Syrians to the UK. | ||
2012 | ‘Hostile environment’ immigration policies. The UK Government introduces what became known as ‘hostile environment’ immigration policies, tasking organisations and institutions across sectors to conduct checks of immigration status. | Restricting migrants’ access to services. The ‘hostile environment’ policies have restricted access to basic services, such as healthcare, for undocumented migrants. This has been described as a wave of attacks on human rights and is believed to have resulted in high costs, including impact on public purse, health, safety and security. | ||
2012 | Making Birmingham an inclusive city. Birmingham City Council had set up a social inclusion consultation process entitled ‘Giving Hope Changing Lives’ which coincided with the formation of ‘Fairness Commissions’ in several UK cities in response to local authority funding cuts and the impact of austerity on local communities. This consultation led to the publication of ‘Making Birmingham an Inclusive City’ policy paper with several commitments and recommendations for key agencies. | Birmingham commits to inclusivity and empowerment. The ‘Making Birmingham an Inclusive City’ policy paper sets out several commitments to social inclusion, among them, to tackle poverty, embrace ‘superdiversity’, protect the most vulnerable, connect people and places, and empower people to shape their neighbourhood. | ||
2014 | Launching the UK’s refugee resettlement scheme. The UK Government launches the Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme in 2014 to help people in greatest need. | Expanding commitment to refugee resettlement. The UK’s Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme was expanded in 2015 with a commitment to resettle 20,000 Syrian refugees in need of protection by 2020, making it the largest resettlement scheme in Europe. | ||
2015 | Civil society pressure to resettle refugees. Public support and grassroots pressure from civil society organisations to resettle Syrian refugees in the UK played a key role in securing support from local authorities. Local authority participation in the resettlement scheme is voluntary. | Local pledges to accommodate refugees. Local authorities around the UK have pledged to accommodate 22,000 Syrian refugees. Many local authorities increased their pledges following campaigns from local charities and citizens’ groups. | ||
2015 | Birmingham declared ‘City of Sanctuary’. Birmingham becomes a ‘City of Sanctuary’ – a part of a UK wide network of community groups, education institutions, local councils, libraries and theatres committed to being inclusive and welcoming people who seek sanctuary. The event coincided with the grassroots movement and pressure from public and civil society organisations on central and local governments to support resettlement of Syrian refugees. | Welcoming and integrating migrants. Birmingham City Council commits to welcoming 550 Syrian refugees into the city as part of the Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme. Between 2015 and 2020, Birmingham welcomed 516 refugees and new pledges were made in 2020 and 2021. The Council creates the Birmingham Migration Forum in 2017 to strengthen its collaboration with relevant organisations on migration and integration issues. In 2019, the Council joins ‘Inclusive Cities Programme’ which facilitates peer learning on the integration of newcomers. | ||
2016 | European Union membership referendum. The referendum on the UK’s membership of the European Union took place on 23 June 2016 to decide if the country should remain a member or leave. The majority of the UK’s population (52%) voted to leave the EU, what became known as ‘Brexit’. | Considering migrants’ rights after ‘Brexit’. A few years after the Brexit vote, Birmingham City Council decides to extend its City of Sanctuary commitments in 2019 to include all migrants, recognising the potential impact of Brexit on the status of migrants living and working in Birmingham. | ||
2017 | Birmingham introduces inclusive growth strategy. The City Council introduces ‘East Birmingham Inclusive Growth Strategy’ to pioneer a new partnership working approach that would bring together public sector organisations, businesses and the local community to deliver inclusive growth and reduce inequalities in some of the most deprived city areas. | Including migrants in decision-making on growth. The East Birmingham Inclusive Growth Strategy recognises ethnic diversity of local communities, with many people speaking different languages other than English. The Council wants to support and empower these communities to get involved in decision-making and work together as equal partners, using tools such as Local Economic Development Plans and enhanced Ward Plans. | ||
2017 | Creating a forum on migrant integration. The Birmingham Migration Forum was created in 2017, bringing together relevant organisations from across sectors, to collaborate on issues concerning integration and well-being of migrants. The key aim of the Forum, chaired by Birmingham City Council, is to share information about services and to ensure that migration-related issues are considered in the development of citywide policies and strategies. | Facilitating migrant inclusion in decision-making. The Birmingham Migration Forum facilitates the inclusion of migrant communities in decision-making by providing a platform for migrant-led organisations to share information and to influence policy development during quarterly meetings. The coordinator sends out regular emails to inform organisations about policies, services and opportunities to participate in the city. An online directory of migrant support organisations and groups, BARMS, was created as a result of a consultation with organisations that attend the Forum. | ||
2018 | Birmingham introduces community cohesion strategy. Birmingham City Council publishes ‘Community Cohesion Strategy for Birmingham’ with an aim to make Birmingham a fair and inclusive city. The strategy makes explicit reference to Birmingham as a City of Sanctuary with commitments to welcoming people who seek refuge and asylum. | Creating places of welcome for migrants. The Community Cohesion Strategy for Birmingham recognises the social and economic contributions of migrants. Birmingham is highlighted as a welcoming city that participates in the ‘Places of Welcome’ network – a scheme run by local community groups to create a place in local neighbourhoods where anyone is welcome to meet and participate. There are over 50 such places in the city. | ||
2019 | Birmingham commits to welcoming migrants. Birmingham City Council publishes ‘Birmingham City of Sanctuary Policy Statement 2018 to 2022’. The previous City of Sanctuary commitments referred to asylum seekers and refugees only. Since 2019, in response to Brexit, the Council extends this commitment to include all migrants. | Including migrants in decision making. Birmingham City Council commits to working with key stakeholders to ensure that migrants have a voice and are able to shape local policy. The council continues to host Birmingham Migration Forum which provides a channel for a two-way communication between representatives of migrant organisations and the council. The forum enables migrants to shape local policy. For example, a new BARMS website was created in 2020 to provide an online directory of organisations supporting migrants in the city. The Council also continued to participate in various projects aligned to the City of Sanctuary. | ||
2019 | Birmingham values diverse voices. Birmingham City Council publishes ‘Working Together in Birmingham’s Neighbourhoods’ policy paper. This policy recognises the value of different types of neighbourhood organisations representing diverse communities, including migrants, and the need to increase their voice and influence in decision-making through collaborative working to address local concerns. | Enabling residents to set agendas. The policy introduces ‘Ward Forums’ to increase decision making powers of local residents who often lead the meetings and can suggest agenda items and set priorities. To be more inclusive, meetings are being held in new venues and at different times to allow more people to attend. | ||
2019 | Birmingham outlines new equality objectives. Birmingham City Council sets out five Equality Objectives for 2019-2023, under the Equality Act 2010 Public Sector Equality Duty, to tackle inequalities in the city. Understanding and engaging diverse communities in local decision-making is one of the key objectives. | Strengthening participation of diverse communities. There is some evidence that the equality objectives of the Birmingham City Council are adhered to regarding the involvement of diverse communities in decision making. For example, the Equality Impact Assessment of ‘East Birmingham Inclusive Growth Strategy’ shows that the Council used outreach activities, such as meetings with migrant-led organisations, to increase the representation of migrant and ethnic minority groups in its consultation. | ||
2019 | Global outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic is a global outbreak of coronavirus – an infectious disease. First detected in China in late 2019, the virus spread quickly across the world. The World Health Organisation declared it a public health emergency in 2020. | COVID-19 disproportionately affecting ethnic minorities. In the UK, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a disproportionate impact on ethnic minority communities who experienced higher COVID-19 incidence, morbidity and mortality, raising concerns about structural racism. | ||
2020 | Global Black Lives Matter protests. Motivated by the killing of George Floyd by police in the United States, people around the world took part in Black Lives Matter protests in solidarity with demonstrators in the States. | Thousands join Birmingham protests. Thousands of people take part in protests in Birmingham in response to the death of George Floyd in the United States. Birmingham City Council supports the demonstration. | ||
2021 | Birmingham publishes equality strategy. Birmingham City Council publishes ‘Everyone’s Battle Everyone’s Business’ equality strategy in response to inequalities exposed through Black Lives Matter movement and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This strategy builds on the Council’s equality objectives and the community cohesion strategy. | Citizens’ voice central to decision-making. The equality strategy highlights commitment to tackling poverty and inequality while putting citizens’ voice at the heart of decision-making, especially those who have traditionally struggled to be heard. This would be achieved by establishing a Citizens Assembly or similar body. As an employer, BCC commits to taking positive action to advance ethnic minority representation at senior level to drive the best outcomes for local communities. | ||
2021 | Birmingham publishes digital inclusion strategy. Birmingham City Council publishes its digital inclusion strategy and action plan to tackle barriers to digital inclusion in the city. While progress has been made in recent years, digital exclusion still remains a challenge. | Understanding and supporting digitally excluded. BCC is committed to working with partners to understand those most at risk of digital exclusion and the barriers they face in being digitally included, with specific reference to asylum seekers, refugees and people with disabilities. The council has undertaken work around improving internet connectivity and developing digital skills and access to digital devices and support. | ||
2022 | Introducing the Nationality and Borders Act. The Nationality and Borders Act 2022 introduces changes to the UK’s asylum system. It is believed to have created two tiers of asylum seekers and to criminalise those who arrive through irregular means. The Act makes provisions under the UK-Rwanda Migration and Economic Development Partnership for deportation of asylum seekers whose claims are inadmissible. | Criticising the new plan for immigration. The Nationality and Borders Bill was widely opposed by organisations from across sectors, including Birmingham City Council and refugee support groups, before it became an Act of Parliament. The Bill was described as ‘anti-refugee’ and criticised by numerous organisations in the West Midlands region. | ||
Municipality | Riga |
Municipality population size: | 605,802 (2022) (Source: Official Statistics Portal) |
Migrant population size: | 30,491 (5.1% of the total population) are citizens of third countries 3657 (or 0,6%) are from an EU country that is not Latvia (Source: Official Statistics Portal) |
Most frequent migrants’ nationalities | Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian (Source: Official Statistics Portal) |
Most frequent migrants’ languages other than the local language(s) | Russian, English and Ukrainian (Source: Official Statistics Portal) |
When | Global event | National event | Local event | Impact |
2010 | Establishing social integration division. At the end of 2009, Riga Municipality’s Education, Youth and Sports Department and the Culture Department were merged into the Education, Culture and Sports Department. A Division of Projects and Society Integration was established within the Department in 2010, tasked with promoting and sustaining social integration in the city, focusing on the integration of different societal groups, including newcomers. | Recognising the importance of integration. The Riga Council recognises the importance of its integration function due to an emergence of political will within the Riga Municipality. | ||
2010 | Creating a consultative board on integration. In 2010, the Consultative Board on Society Integration Issues of Riga City Council was created, involving representatives of several civil society organisations that represent newcomer communities, including Shelter “Safe House”, Civic Alliance-Latvia, Centre for Public Policy Providus, Latvian Centre for Human Rights, Latvian Red Cross. | Civil society influencing integration policy. The new consultative board created a mechanism within which civil society organisations that represent newcomers in Riga can take a stand in municipality’s integration policy. In 2022, civil society organisations continue to be engaged in the consultative board. The Centre for Public Policy Providus and Shelter “Safe House” work on migration issues. | ||
2011 | The onset of the Syrian civil war. The civil war in Syria is an ongoing conflict, started in 2011 as an uprising against President Bashar al-Assad, with large numbers of casualties and refugees fleeing the country. | Latvia responds to refugee crisis. More than 6.8 million Syrians have been forced to flee their country since 2011. Latvia committed to join the EU Relocation Programme in 2015. | ||
2011 | Introducing a national policy on integration. In 2011, a new policy ‘National Identity, Civil Society and Integration Policy Guidelines 2012- 2018’ is introduced. | Taking a systemic approach to integration. Policy directions regarding national identity, civil society development and integration are defined at a national level, taking a systemic approach to integration challenges. | ||
2012 | Introducing Riga City Integration Programme. The Riga Council introduces ‘Riga City Integration Programme for 2012-2017’, consisting of wider policy directions, such as availability of education, culture and sports, social inclusivity, participation and availability of information, as well as intercultural dialogue, tolerance, prevention of discrimination and integration of newcomers. | Newcomer integration mentioned explicitly. The ‘Riga City Integration Programme for 2012-2017’ was the first integration policy document in Riga. The policy priorities are for the first time set out on a municipal level and the term ‘newcomers’ is also mentioned for the first time. | ||
2013 | Establishing the NGO House. The Riga Municipality creates a new NGO House in 2013 to support civil society, non-governmental organisations, in the city. The NGO House is a structural unit of the Municipality which supports and cooperates with NGOs. | Support and resources for NGOs. The NGO House offers different resources to NGOs, including its premises for organising events. It has collaborated with several organisations that run intercultural programmes and organise informal events for newcomers, mainly students. The House supports the preservation of ethnic identity and the capacity building activities for NGOs. | ||
2015 | Latvia commits to asylum seeker relocation. Latvia joins the EU relocation programme in 2015 in response to the Syrian War refugee crisis. | Action plan for refugee inclusion. The Action Plan for Movement and Admission in Latvia of Persons who Need International Protection is issued in 2015, creating a system for socio-economic inclusion of refugees and persons who have obtained alternative status. Asylum Law was adopted, ensuring the right to receive asylum or the status of international protection. | ||
2019 | Introducing a new integration programme. The Riga City Integration Programme ‘Guidelines on Societal integration of Riga 2019-2024’ is introduced, setting out the local level integration policy which commits to creating conditions for diverse and active participation of different societal groups. | Strengthening newcomer integration and participation. This second integration policy consists of six key directions, including civic participation, intercultural dialogue, tolerance, and learning of the official language. In comparison to the first integration programme, there is a wider focus on newcomers. | ||
2019 | Introducing action plan on integration. The 2019-2021 Action Plan for the implementation of the Guidelines on Societal Integration of Riga (2019-2024) was introduced. | Allocating financial resources for integration. Financial resources are allocated in response to policy directions outlined in the Riga City Integration Programme ‘Guidelines on Societal integration of Riga’ (2019-2024). | ||
2020 | Global outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic is a global outbreak of coronavirus – an infectious disease. First detected in China in late 2019, the virus spread quickly across the world. The World Health Organisation declared it a public health emergency in 2020. | COVID-19 impact on newcomers. The pandemic exposed structural issues in the Latvian health sector, and posed challenges for newcomers to receive up-do-date information about measures to control the spread COVID-19 introduced by the government. | ||
2020 | Civil society protests in Belarus. After the 2020 presidential election, peaceful civil society protests erupted in Belarus. Protests were violently repressed by the authorities. | Latvia responds to Belarus protests. Following the violent crackdowns on peaceful protesters after the presidential elections in Belarus, Saeima, the parliament of the Republic of Latvia, adopted a statement not recognising Alexander Lukashenko as the legitimate President of Belarus. | Welcoming asylum seekers from Belarus. In 2020, Latvia received 44 asylum seekers from Belarus and applications for international protection status from Belarussian citizens were examined on a priority basis. A number of other measures, such as assistance for students from Belarus who continue their studies in Latvia, and eased entry and relocation of Belarussian companies to Latvia, were carried out. | |
2021 | Political change in Riga Municipality. Due to the extraordinary elections in 2021, the political composition of the Riga City Council changed and, subsequently, Riga Municipality initiated major restructuring, including reorganisation of the previous customer support centre to form the Riga City Neighbourhood Residents’ Centre.
| Promoting civic participation of residents. Following major restructuring in 2021, the new Riga City Neighbourhood Residents’ Centre aims to promote civic participation more effectively. The new Neighbourhood Coordinators act as intermediaries between local authorities and residents. The Centre plans to promote networking and to foster cooperation and understanding between different residents of the city, including newcomers. | ||
2021 | Refugee crisis on Latvia- Belarus border. Actions of Lukashenko regime triggered an unprecedented influx of irregular migrants across Latvian-Belarussian border in the summer of 2021. | Unprecedented influx of irregular migrants. In August, Latvian government introduced emergency situation in municipalities on the Latvia-Belarus border, which included prevention of “persons from the illegal crossing of the state border of the Republic of Latvia and the Republic of Belarus.” | ||
2021 | Amendments to the Asylum Law. Previously, asylum seekers could start employment 6 months after applying for asylum. Amendments to the Asylum Law made in September 2021 allowed asylum seekers to start employment 3 months after applying for asylum. | Asylum seekers allowed to work earlier. The new amendments to the Asylum Law enable asylum seekers to work legally 3 months after submitting the application for asylum. | ||
2022 | Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 24 February 2022, Russian Federation invaded Ukraine in violation of Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. | Introducing support for Ukrainian refugees. Latvia reaffirmed support for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine. Law on assistance to Ukrainian Civilians is adopted, introducing various support measures for Ukrainian civilians arriving in Latvia, including several assistance coordination platforms for reception, long-term stay, housing, social assistance, healthcare, employment and finances. | ||
2022 | Centralising the municipal integration function. The integration function within the Riga Municipality was moved from the Education, Culture and Sports department to the Riga City Neighbourhood Residents Centre where it is under central administration rather than under one department. | Expanding neighbourhood and integration activities. The centralisation of the integration function under the Riga City Neighbourhood Residents Centre means that there is now bigger scope of work with the different neighbourhoods and its inhabitants, including newcomers. Additional activities beyond initial focus on neighbourhoods, such as calls for projects, were transferred to the Centre. |
| EU | |
| Population size (number) | 447.7 million (2021) |
| Migrant population size (number and percentage of overall EU) | 23.7 million non-EU citizens or Third-Country Nationals (TCNs) (5.3% of EU’s total population)
37.5 million people born outside the EU (8.4% of all EU inhabitants) (2021).
(Source: Eurostat Statistics Explained) |
| Most frequent migrants’ nationalities | For migrants with a first residence permit: Ukrainian, Moroccan and Indian (2021)
For first-time asylum applicants: Syrian, Afghan and Iraqi (2022)
|
| When | Global event | EU event | Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | Maastricht Treaty establishing the European Union. The inclusivity of migrants in the European Union (EU) policy-making dates back to the 1992 Treaty of Maastrich, which formalised the rights of EU citizens to live, work and study in other EU countries. | Introducing new civic participation rights. As a result of the Maastricht Treaty, EU citizens have a range of rights when living in another member state, including the right to stand and vote in local, regional and EU elections. Millions of EU citizens exercise their right to live and work in other EU countries and, more generally, to travel freely between member states. | |
| 1995 | The fourth EU enlargement. On 1 January 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the European Union. | Expanding the EU borders. This new enlargement changes the borders of the EU and its population (increase of 6.28%). This enlargement had little impact due to the wealth of these countries, but it was found that it started to show the issues related to the EU institutional structure, notably the size of the commission or the council’s voting rules. | |
| 1999 | The Tampere conference 1999. The Tampere conference in 1999 was a special meeting on the creation of an area of freedom, security and justice in the European Union. | Developing asylum and migration policy. The first point of the Tampere meeting was the creation of a common EU asylum and migration policy, considering the rights and integration of third country nationals who want to access EU territory, including asylum seekers, while tackling illegal immigration. The economic and demographic benefits of migration are also highlighted. | |
| 2001 | 9/11 terrorist attacks. The question of integration of third country nationals grew bigger after 9/11, a global event which had an important effect on the migration-security nexus worldwide. | 9/11 impact on migration discourse. In the aftermath of 9/11, scholars have shown that political discourses have reinforced the migration-security nexus. The question of long-term integration has become more central worldwide. | |
| 2002 | Establishing National Contact Points on integration (NCPs). In the aftermath of 9/11, the Justice and Home Affairs Council of the EU requested in 2002 to establish the National Contact Points on integration (NCPs), creating a network of authorities at the EU level responsible for migrant integration. | Coordinating migration and integration policy. The European Council of June 2003 confirmed the mandate for establishing National Contact Points (NCPs) and invited the Commission to present Annual Reports on Migration and Integration. This led to a manual on best practices in 2004. The NCPs facilitate knowledge exchange to identify successful solutions to immigrant integration and seek to ensure policy coordination and coherence at the national level. | |
| 2004 | The fifth EU enlargement. On 1 May 2004, Malta, Cyprus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia and Hungary joined the EU. | Expanding the EU borders. This new enlargement changes the borders of the European Union east and south, and its population (increase of 19.57%, while the GDP only increased by 8.88%). 9 new official languages are included. The impact is not immediate on the labour market as free circulation is delayed until 2011, and despite the fears of mass migration, movements concern only 2% of the population. At the institutional level though, the Justice and Home Affairs Council has suffered from the entry of these 8 countries with diverging national interests regarding migration, as the council operated at unanimity. | |
| 2005 | Adopting the Hague Programme on integration. The Hague Programme was adopted by the European Council in November 2004 and underlined the need for greater coordination of national migrant integration policies and EU initiatives in this field. | Setting out migrant integration agenda. The Hague Programme sets the base for creating a common agenda on the integration of third country nationals, including the need to coordinate migrants’ integration in the EU across member states. | |
| 2005 | Adopting a common framework for integration. A Common Agenda for Integration Framework for the Integration of Third-Country Nationals in the European Union was adopted in 2005. | Civic participation as key to integration. With this common agenda framework, member states agree that migrants’ participation in the democratic process and in the formulation of integration policy, particularly at the local level, is important in supporting their integration. The framework encourages the creation of platforms of organisations and individuals, as well as the creation of the European Integration Network, and a new communication channel: the European Website for Integration (EWSI). EWSI comprises a network of national coordinators from all member states who collect and upload information regarding migrant integration in the respective member states. | |
| 2007 | Introducing European funds for integration. To finance the work set out in the 2005 Common Agenda Integration Framework, between 2007-2013, the European Commission proposed new solidarity instruments, among them the European Fund for the Integration of third-country nationals, which preceded the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund that we know in 2022. | Funding the integration of immigrants. Allocation of EUR 825 million funds for the integration of third-country nationals between 2007 and 2013. | |
| 2007 | The sixth EU enlargement. On 1 January 2007, Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU. | Expanding the EU borders. This new enlargement changes the borders of the European Union and its population (increase of 6.48%). Bulgaria’s 18 and Romania’s 35 observer MEPs became full voting representatives. Citizens of countries that migrated and were third country nationals become free movers within 7 years of the accession. It has been shown that this had positive effect on the labour market as there was more complementarity and flexibility than competition. | |
| 2008 | Onset of Global Financial Crisis. Great Recession, which started from a housing crisis and subprime crisis in the USA, and rapidly expanded to Europe and other regions of the world, leading to banking system crises to sovereign debt crises. The European Union, the European Central Bank, and the IMF (aka Troika) enforced austerity plans in several European countries. The impact on public spending, salaries and tax levels has had long-lasting effects. | Recession impact on migration. A worldwide economic recession impacts EU member states, fragilizing the Eurozone, labour markets and reshuffling migration patterns in and out the EU. While migration may have reduced in some economic sectors affected by the recession, it was also shown “that immigrants have responded to changing labour shortages across EU member states, occupations and sectors at least as much and in many cases more flexibly than natives”. | |
| 2009 | Lisbon Treaty introduces the EU migration policy. With the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, migration policy-making was an intergovernmental ‘pillar’. But it is the 2009 Lisbon Treaty (articles 77–80) that sets out the EU’s competences on borders, asylum, and immigration. | Sharing of responsibility for migration. The EU committed to ‘the principle of solidarity and fair sharing of responsibility’ as a governing principle for migration policy. Migration was brought entirely under the community method, empowering the European Parliament and European Court of Justice. The Lisbon Treaty also reinforces citizen engagement in all policy areas. | |
| 2011 | Introducing integration within the Eurobarometer survey. The first ever Eurobarometer on Migrant Integration was conducted in 2011. The Eurobarometer is a series of regular public opinion surveys carried out across EU member states on a range of topics related to the EU. | Consulting EU residents on integration. European residents have been consulted regularly on migration and integration issues through the Eurobarometer survey since 2011. The first ever Eurobarometer on migrant integration included qualitative discussions with EU citizens as well as third country nationals. | |
| 2013 | The seventh EU enlargement. On 1 July 2013, Croatia joined the EU. | Expanding the EU borders. This new enlargement changes the borders of the EU and its population (increase of 0.85%). Citizens of Croatia became free movers between 2013 and 2020, depending on the EU member state. Negotiations were tougher than expected due to a border disagreement with Slovenia. | |
| 2014 | Introducing Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund. The first round of the new Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) was introduced in 2014 for the 2014-2020 period. | Increasing funding for migrant integration. The former European Fund for the Integration of third-country nationals (2007-2013) is replaced by the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (2014-2020) with the budget of EUR 3.137 billion, almost four times more than the former 825 million Fund for the Integration of Third-Country Nationals. | |
| 2015 | The ‘refugee crisis’ in Europe. A significantly increased movement of refugees and asylum seekers, arriving at the European borders in 2015 was generally understood and managed as a crisis. | EU response and governance crisis. The EU responded with a series of controversial mechanisms, such as re-bordering by several member states and the EU-Turkey refugee return agreement. In 2016, the European Commission began reforming the Common European Asylum System. At the same time, we see a reinforcement of the role of cities and networks of cities in addressing reception of refugees. | |
| 2015 | Creating expert group on economic migration. The refugee crisis triggered a governance crisis in the EU which led to the creation of several expert groups on migration-related matters, such as the ‘Expert Group Economic Migration’. | Consulting stakeholders on economic migration. The ‘Expert Group Economic Migration’ was formed in 2015 to consult representatives of civil society organisations, such as trade unions, academics and chambers of commerce, as well as individuals, on the EU policy proposals regarding labour migration. | |
| 2016 | Creating a new agenda on migrant inclusion. The ‘Urban Agenda for the EU Partnership on Inclusion of Migrants and Refugees (2016-2019)’ was created in 2016 as one of the priority areas of the wider ‘Urban Agenda for the EU’ which launched to promote cooperation between member states, cities, the European Commission and other stakeholders to improve the quality of life, innovation and growth in urban areas while tackling social challenges. | Improving migrant inclusion and civic participation. The Urban Agenda Partnership on Inclusion of Migrants and Refugees was created with the goal to improve migrant and refugee inclusion in the medium and long term. A few consultation and capacity-building mechanisms were developed under the partnership including, the European Migrant Advisory Board (EMAB), the Urban Academy, and the citizens’ forum Futurium on issues related to inclusion. | |
| 2017 | Creating expert group on unaccompanied minors. The ‘Commission Expert Group on the Protection of Children in Migration’ was created in 2017 while increased numbers of children reached Europe alone. The group brings together migration experts from member states. | Consulting stakeholders on unaccompanied minors. Following the record number of unaccompanied minors reaching the EU, the ‘Commission Expert Group on the Protection of Children in Migration’ was created to address the particular challenges met by migrant children. At each of the 9 meetings of the group, a specific issue is addressed, and recommendations are formulated in order to be disseminated in decision-making circles and other expert fora. At the last meeting in February 2022, recommendations made concerned external support needed by the guardians of unaccompanied migrant. | |
| 2018 | Creating an advisory board of migrants. The European Migrant Advisory Board (EMAB) was created in 2018 under the Urban Agenda Partnership on Inclusion of Migrants and Refugees to provide a consultation mechanism, comprising individual migrants as advisors. EMAB is a self-made group of nine advisors, all third country nationals residing in different EU member states, who work together to increase the participation of refugees and immigrants in policy making. | Including migrants in policy making. The European Migrant Advisory Board (EMAB) facilitates greater inclusion of migrant voices in policy making. For example, the board members speak on migration issues at the European Parliament and, in 2018, conducted a consultation with migrants and refugees ‘Ask the People’, the results of which are published on the European Commission website. However, such consultations are generally not followed by legislative proposals and there is no established mechanism to ensure institutional responsiveness to migrants’ requests. Additionally, some barriers to migrants’ equal access to EMAB remain, such as the requirement to speak good English and to understand the jargon accessible only to well educated. | |
| 2020 | Global outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic is a global outbreak of coronavirus – an infectious disease. First detected in China in late 2019, the virus spread quickly across the world. The World Health Organisation declared it a public health emergency in 2020. | COVID-19 impact on the EU. The onset of Covid 19 has led to re-bordering within the EU – intra-EU movements were stopped or subjected to new controls and exceptions. This generated changes in migration patterns – such as reduced migration flows – and a new economic recession in the EU, with the energy sector being more at risk. The pandemic had a disproportionate effect on migrant communities who often held “essential” jobs, and had more difficulties to isolate from contagious persons. The 2021-2027 Action Plan was developed in this period, introducing an increase in funding for migration and integration under Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund. | |
| 2020 | Introducing action plan on integration. The Action Plan on Integration and Inclusion (2021-2027) was released by the European Commission in November 2020. While national governments are primarily responsible for the design of integration and social policies (education, employment, housing, healthcare), the plan asserts that the EU plays a fundamental role in supporting them through funding, developing practical tools, coordinating actions and establishing relevant partnerships. | Strengthening migrant inclusion in policy making. Following the drafting of the 2021-2027 Action Plan on Integration and Inclusion, the ‘Expert Group on the views of migrants in the field of migration, asylum and integration’ was created to increase the participation of third country nationals in consultative groups at the EU level. The 24 members of the expert group, seelected from a total of 354 applications, reside in 16 different member states and represent migrants from a range of countries outside the EU. Additionally, the new plan aims at ‘mainstreaming gender and including women’, highlighting particular challenges faced by migrant women in areas of employment and access to health services. The plan takes into account the intersectional nature of specific challenges faced by migrants. | |
| 2021 | Expanding Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund. The new round of Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) was introduced in 2021, with its budget expanded substantially, tripled from EUR 3.137 billion for 2014-2020 to EUR 9.9 billion for 2021-2027). | Increasing focus on migrants’ civic participation. Looking at the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) and its funded projects for the periods 2014-20 and 2021-27 reinforces the view that the focus on migrant participation in policy making is increasing. Projects such as ‘INTEGRA’, ‘Inclucities’ and ‘MILE’ all support migrants’ participation in policy making. | |
| 2022 | Russia-Ukraine war. In February 2022, the declaration of war of Russia to Ukraine triggered mass migration. | Impact of Russia-Ukraine war on Europe. In June 2022, there were 5.5 million Ukrainian refugees in Europe, 3.6 million having received temporary protection. The EU activated the ‘temporary protection’ directive, a common system provided in the Treaty of Lisbon (2009) and the CEAS, and adopted in 2011, to grant one-year protection in case of massive flux of displaced people due to armed conflict. It was never activated by EU member states until 2022. The European Commission decided for a Cohesion’s Action for Refugees in Europe (CARE), committing over EUR 370 billion of cohesion funds. |
This map is here for a reason. It is here to tell you a story. Several stories, in fact.
Unique and yet connected stories of cities and their migrants, of inclusion and participation.
On this page, you can find key information to help you understand the four municipalities that are part of the MILE project, Riga (LV), Ripollet (ES), Birmingham (UK) and Ioannina (GR), their migrant population and the local diversity, inclusion, integration and participation policies.
Background
MILE is about developing locally-tailored tools that can support the inclusion and participation of migrants and refugees in local policy-making. For this, we want to start by mapping the different local contexts of diversity, migration, inclusion and participation.
Some of the questions we want to answer in this map:
- Who are the migrants in these cities?
- What are their current needs?
- And how can municipalities address these needs and provide them with opportunities to shape decisions and policies in ther local community?
